مسجد جامع یزد [2 از 2] Yazd Jame Mosque [2 of 2] | | همان گونه که از عنوان و فهرست این مقاله نمایان است، این مقاله بخشی از یک مقاله بزرگتر با همین عنوان است که تا کنون بخش های زیر از آن در سایت غول آباد چاپ شده است:
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| چکیده: مطالعه کتیبه های تاریخ دار، بانیان، سازندگان، هنرمندان و سیر تحول بنای مسجد جامع کبیر یزد و انتشار عکس ها و نقشه های آن. واژگان کلیدی: جلوخان، سردر، منار، هشتی، صحن، ایوان، گنبدخانه، گرمخانه، شبستان، محراب، قرایت خانه، کتیبه، کاشی، بانی، معمار، حجار، خطاط، واقف، عمرو لیث صفاری، علاء الدوله گرشاسب بن علی بن فرامرز، سید رکن الدین، شاه یحیی، شاهزاده محمد ولی میرزا، سید علی محمد وزیری، مسجد جامع عتیق، مسجد شبستانی، مسجد جامع قدیم، مسجد گرشاسبی، مسجد جامع نو، مسجد جمعه، مسجد جامع کبیر، یزد. Abstract: Studying historic inscriptions, commissioners, builders, artists and evolution of building of Yazd great Jame mosque and publishing its images and plans. Keywords: forecourt, portico, minaret, vestibule, courtyard, eivan, gonbadkhane, garmkhane, shabestan, prayer niche, qaraatkhane, inscription, tile, commissioner, architect, stone carver, calligrapher, bequeather, Amr Leys Saffari, Alaod Dowle Garshasb ebne Ali ebne Faramarz, Seyyed Roknad Din, King Yahya, Prince Mohammad Vali Mirza, Seyyed Ali Mohammad Vaziri, Antique Jame mosque, shabestani mosque, Old Jame mosque, Garshasbi mosque, New Jame mosque, friday mosque, Great Jame mosque, Yazd. |
| کتاب: گنجنامه، فرهنگ آثار معماری اسلامی ایران دفتر: هشتم، مساجد جامع، بخش دوم مرکز اسناد و تحقیقات: دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی زیر نظر: کامبیز حاجی قاسمی مدیر اجرایی: زند حریرچی، بهنام قلیچ خانی مدیر گروه تهیه و تنظیم نقشه ها: بتول ملا اسد الله، مرضیه مهدی یار نویسنده متون: مریم دخت موسوی روضاتی گروه متن: مهدی صابونیان یزد، هدیه نوربخش، بابک خرم، آرش شهنواز، حسین زرینی ویراستار متون فارسی: محمد پروری مترجم: کلود کرباسی ویراستار متون انگلیسی: مریم طباطبایی انتشارات: روزنه؛ سال 1383 Book: Ganjnameh, Cyclopaedia of Iranian Islamic Architecture Volume: Eight, Congregational Mosques, part two Documentation and research center: Faculty of architecture and urban planning of Shahid Beheshti university Supervisor: Kambiz Haji Ghasemi Executive director: Zand Harirchi, Behnam Ghelich Khani Director of plan compilation and preparation team: Batool Molla Asadollah, Marzieh Mahdi Yar Writer of texts: Maryamdokht Mousavi Rowzati Text team: Mahdi Sabounian Yazd, Hedieh Nourbakhsh, Hossein Zarrini, Babak Khorram, Arash Shahnavaz Editor of Persian texts: Mohammad Parvari English Translator: Claude Karbasi Editor of English texts: Maryam Tabatabaee Publication: Rowzaneh; year 2005 |
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۞ 1- مسجد جامع یزد ۞ 1-1- کتیبه های تاریخ دار بنا ۞ 1-2- بانیان و سازندگان بنا ۞ 1-3- دیگر اطلاعات مکتوب ۞ 1-4- سیر تحول بنا |
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2- Yazd Jame Mosque ۩
| ایوان در جبهه جنوبی صحن مسجد جامع کبیر یزد. Eivan in southern side of the courtyard of Yazd great congregational mosque. Moein Mohammadi
2-1- Historic inscriptions ۩
The tile-work bequeathal inscription of the mosque, located in the eastern entrance vestibule, is dated 765 L.H (1364 A.D), the oldest date existing in the building. (1) ۞ Other stone and tile-work inscriptions in this vestibule bear the dates 770 L.H (1369 A.D) (2) ۞, 777 L.H (1375 A.D) (3) ۞, 820 L.H (1417 A.D) (4) ۞, 863 L.H (1459 A.D) (5) ۞, 875 L.H (1471 A.D) (6) ۞ and 974 L.H (1540 A.D) (7) ۞. In addition, two edicts by the «Safavid monarch Shah Abbas» dated 1004 L.H (1596 A.D) (8) ۞ and 1022 L.H (1613 A.D) (9) ۞, one by «Shah Safi» dated 1046 L.H (1636 A.D) (10) ۞, another dated 1047 L.H (1637 A.D) (11) ۞, one by «Mirza Mohammad Mohsen» -the governor of Yazd- dated 1115 L.H (1703 A.D) (12) ۞ and two other bequeathal inscriptions dated 1121 L.H (1709 A.D) (13) ۞ and 1179 L.H (1765 A.D) (14) ۞ also exist in this vestibule.
Inscriptions in the eastern portico bear the dates 819 L.H (1416 A.D), 861 L.H (1457 A.D) and 891 L.H (1486 A.D). (15) ۞ An inscription concerning restorations carried out in 1365 L.H (1945 A.D) (16) ۞ and another in kufic script dated 1370 L.H (1951 A.D) (17) ۞, which is a copy of the ancient bequeathal inscription, also appear in this portico. The prayer niche in the gonbadkhaneh bears the date 777 L.H (1375 A.D). (18) ۞ An inscription in the main eivan (19) ۞ is dated 813 L.H (1410 A.D) (20) ۞ and another inscription in this eivan bears the date 836 L.H (1433 A.D) (21) ۞. Also, an undated inscription from the time of the «Timurid monarch Shahrokh» exists in the eivan of the mosque. (22) ۞ The prayer niche in a small room called qaraatkhaneh (23) ۞ and located on the eastern side of the courtyard bears the date 890 L.H (1485 A.D). (24) ۞ An inscription recording restorations performed in 1367 L.H (1948 A.D) exists in the northern portico. (25) ۞ Also, two tombstones dated 492 L.H (1099 A.D) and 533 L.H (1139 A.D) have retrieved in the ruins of the old part of the mosque, called the «Mosque of Garshasb». (26) ۞
2-2- Commissioners and builders ۩
The various parts of this building were erected in the course of time and commissioned by different individuals. Probably the first one has been «Amr Leys Safari». (27) ۞ One of the other earliest among these to have commissioned the construction of the masque was «Alaod Dowleh Garshasb ebne Ali ebne Faramarz ebne Alaod Dowleh Abu Jafar Kalanjar» -governor of Yazd between the years 488 L.H (1095 A.D) to 513 L.H (1119 A.D)-. (28) ۞ After his dead, while in the same period, the daughters of Faramarz ebne Ali, from the «Kakui» dynasty, added other parts to the mosque. (29) ۞ Today no traces of the ancient parts remain; and the present building was commissioned by «Seyyed Roknod Din Mohammad ebne Qavamod Din Mohammad ebne Nazem Hosseini Yazdi Qazi», died in 732 L.H (1332 A.D), and completed after his death by «Mowlana Saied Sharafod Din Ali». (30) ۞ Other parts of the mosque were built by «Amir Shamsod Din Qazi» and «Amir Balaqdar» and later by «Shah Yahya ebne Mozaffar» in 777 L.H (1375 A.D). (31) ۞ The minarets of the mosque`s portico were probably built by «Aqa Jamal-od Din Mohammad» known as «Mehtar Jamal» -the minister of Yazd under «Safavid Shah Tahmasb»-. (32) ۞
| برش افقی مسجد جمعه یزد. 1- ورودی؛ 2- هشتی؛ 3- صحن؛ 4- شبستان؛ 5- گنبدخانه؛ 6- ایوان. Floor plan of Yazd friday mosque. 1- Entrance; 2- Vestibule; 3- Courtyard; 4- Shabestan; 5- Gonbad-khaneh; 6- Eivan. |
The building of the mosque was restored and other parts and decorative elements were added to it in different periods. The contributors to these restorations and additions included: «Zahirod Din Abu Mansour Faramarz» -the first Amir of the Kakui dynasty- in 432 L.H (1041 A.D) (33) ۞, «Alaod Dowleh Amir Ali ebne Faramarz» and his wife -«Arsalan Khatoon»- between years 455 L.H (1063 A.D) to 488 L.H (1095 A.D) (34) ۞, «Amir Shamsod Din» -the son of «Amir chaqmaq»- and «Abul Ozra» -a «Gourkani»`s agent- in the decade of 850 L.H (1446 A.D) (35) ۞, «Khajeh Jalalod Din Mahmood Kharazmi» in 809 L.H (1406 A.D) (36) ۞, «Shah nezam Kermani» -the governor of Yazd under the «Timurid Shahrokh»- in 819 L.H (1416 A.D) (37) ۞, «Bibi Fatemeh Khatun» -the wife of Amir chaqmaq in 830 L.H (1427 A.D) or 836 L.H (1433 A.D) (38) ۞, «Khajeh Moinod Din Maybodi» -a minister of Yazd under the «Timurids» before the year 861 L.H (1457 A.D) (39) ۞, «Amir Nezamod Din Haji Qanbar Jahanshahi» in 862 L.H (1458 A.D) (40) ۞, «Mowlana Abdul Hayy» and «Mowlana Shahabod Din Abdollah» during the «Safavid» period before 1090 L.H (1679 A.D) (41) ۞, «Prince Mohammad Vali Mirza» in 1240 L.H (1825 A.D) (42) ۞ and «Seyyed Ali Mohammad Vaziri» in the year 1324 S.H (1945 A.D) (43) ۞.
| گنبدخانه مسجد جامع کبیر یزد؛ کتیبه خوشنویسی سوره انا فتحنا دور فضای زیر گنبدخانه نیز گردیده است. Gonbad-khnae of Yazd great congregational mosque; Calligraphic inscreaption of Inna Fatahna surah also round around the under dome space. Moeen Mohammadi
Various sources, as well as existing inscriptions, name the different architects involved in the construction of this mosque. These artists include: «Mowlana Afifod Din Memar» during the first half of the eight lunar hijri century (44) ۞, «Mowlana Ziaod Din Mohammad Memar» in 777 L.H (1375 A.D) (45) ۞, «Sonollah Memar Yazdi» in 947 L.H (1540 A.D) (46) ۞ and «Omar ebne Mahmood Haj Tajod Din» which his name appears in an undated inscription in the eastern portico (47) ۞. The architect of the dome was the architect from Yazd, «Saad ebne Mohammad Kadook», but the inscription of the dome bears no date. (48) ۞ The portico and minarets were restored in 1365 L.H (1945 A.D) by the architect from «Mehriz», «Hossein Ali Mahmoodi». (49) ۞
The calligraphers of the mosque`s inscriptions include: «Bahaod Din Hezar Asp» (50) ۞, «Mowlana Shamsod Din Mohammad Shah Hakim Khattat» (51) ۞, «Mowlana Kamalod Din ebne Shahabod Din» known as «Assar» in which two inscriptions dated 863 L.H (1459 A.D) and 875 L.H (1471 A.D) by him are visible in the eastern entrance vestibule and another inscription by the same calligrapher exist in the prayer niche of the gonbadkhaneh which although undated obviously belongs to the same period (52) ۞, «Soltan Mohammad» (53) ۞, «Noorod Din Mohammad Kachui» (54) ۞, «Abu Taleb» (55) ۞, «Zabihi» (56) ۞, and «Ali Mohammad Kaveh» (57) ۞. The inscriptions also give the names of their stone-carvers as «Mohammad Reza», «Soltan Mohammad Yazdi» and his son -«Mohammad Amin»-. (58) ۞
The name of the artist in charge of the superb tile-worked prayer niche of gonbadkhanrh, «Haj Bahaod Din Mohammad ebne Abi Bakr ebne Alhosseini», appears on its inscription dated 777 L.H (1375 A.D). (59) ۞ In the vestibule of the eastern entrance, a collection of tessellated tiles dated 820 L.H (1417 A.D) that could also be read as 982 L.H (1574 A.D) bears the name of «Qotbod Din Sayrafi». These tiles were unearthed from under the remains of the Garshasbi garmkhaneh. (60) ۞ The panels in the vestibule give the names of the building`s bequeathers as «Ebne Soltan Mahmood Haji Afzal» and «Khajeh Aminod Din ebne Hossein ebne Ali. (61) ۞
2-3- Information from written sources ۩
«Donald Wilber» has recorded that remains of an ancient mosque probably belonging to before the «Seljuq period» exist on the eastern side of the courtyard. (62) ۞ The ruins of this building were still in existence as late as a few decades ago and «Maxime Siroux» has included several pictures of them in his essay on the Jame Mosque of Yazd. (63) ۞
| برش عمودی A - A از پلان مسجد جامع یزد. Section A - A from the plan of Yazd jame mosque. |
2-4- Evolution of the building ۩
The present-day mosque stands on the site of three mosques that had been built in the course of successive centuries and eventually transformed, in the «Qajar period», into a single edifice with a vast courtyard. The first mosque, i.e. «Atiq (64) ۞ Jame Mosque», was built in the second half of the third lunar hijri century, during the reign of Saffarid monarch Amr Leys, following a shabestan design. This mosque was repaired and restored in the second half of the fifth lunar hijri century, under the Kakui rulers of Yazd, and a minaret was erected beside it which remained standing until the ninth lunar hijri century. Remnants of the original mosque subsisted on the northeast of the present mosque`s courtyard until 1324 S.H (1945 A.D).
| برش عمودی B - B از پلان مسجد جامع یزد. Section B - B from the plan of Yazd jame mosque.
The second mosque, i.e. the «Qadim (65) ۞ Jame Mosque», was built under Alaod Dowleh Garshasb ebne Ali ebne Faramarz -one of the Kakui rulers of Yazd-. This mosque, the design of which comprised a gonbadkhaneh equipped with an eivan, was built on the western side of the Atiq Mosque; follwing which the daughters of Faramarz ebne Ali Kakui had a shabestan and a mausoleum erected beside it. This mosque existed until 1240 L.H (1825 A.D), when its major part was demolished during the renovation and enlargement of the ensemble.
The third mosque, i.e. the «No (66) ۞ Jame Mosque», was built in the first half of the eighth lunar hijri century by «Seyyed Roknod Din Mohammad Qazi» behind the qebleh (67) ۞ of the Qadim Jame Mosque. This mosque had a small courtyard and a huge gonbadkhaneh and eivan. (68) ۞ Maxime Siroux believes that this building was part of the project of a four-eivan mosque which was not carried out. (69) ۞ In 777 L.H (1375 A.D), Shah Yahya ebne Mozaffar`s building activities resulted in extensive decorative tile-work in No Jame Mosque and the construction of its eastern shabestan and massive portico. (70) ۞
In 809 L.H (1406 A.D), during the rule of «Khajeh Jalalod Din Kharazmi», the tile-work decoration of the mosque was continued. At this time, the writing of the «Inna Fatahna» surah around the square courtyard and the mosque`s eivan and gonbadkhaneh was begun, and completed in 819 L.H (1416 A.D), under Shah Nezamod Din Kermani, concurrently with the construction of the western shabestan and portico. (71) ۞ Shah Nezamod Din also had the caravansary opposite the mosque`s portico transformed into a forecourt. This forecourt had two central pools, as can be seen in the plan drafted by Maxime Siroux. (72) ۞
In 825 L.H (1422 A.D), during the rule of Amir Chaqmaq, restoration and renovation works were carried out in the Atiq Jame Mosque which continued until 846 L.H (1442 A.D). Maxime Siroux believes that the minarets of the main portico were probably built at this time. Another probability is that these minarets were added to the portico during the reign of Safavid Shah Tahmasb. Inscriptions belonging to this time are visible in the portico.
| عکس راست: رواق شاهزاده محمد ولی میرزا در جبهه های شرقی و شمالی و غربی حیاط مسجد جامع یزد؛ عکس چپ: یکی از دو فضای مجاور گنبدخانه یا رواق خواجه غیاث الدین در مسجد جمعه یزد. Right picture: Prince Mohammad Vali Mirza colonnade on the eastern, northern and western sides of the courtyard of Yazd jame mosque; Left picture: One of two spaces adjoining the gonbad-khaneh or Khajeh Qiasod Din colonnade in Yazd friday mosque. Moin Mohammadi |
During the reign of the «Qajar monarch Fath Ali Shah», extensive construction works were carried out in the mosque which resulted in the demolition of many parts of the three congregational mosques. At this time, the present Jame Mosque took shape as a single building. During the enlargment of the No Jame Mosque`s square courtyard and the demolition of three of its sides, part of the Quranic inscription around the courtyard were destroyed and today only parts of it remain on the southern side, the gonbadkhaneh and eivan. Also, major parts of the Atiq and Qadim congregational mosques were demolished and replaced by the No Jame Mosque`s courtyard. The remaining parts on eastern and western sides of the new courtyard were restored. Meanwhile, the northern portico of the mosque was rebuilt on the side of the entrance dating back to the reign of Garshasb. During the reign of «Qajar monarch Nasered Din Shah», the eastern shabestan, the main entrance vestibule, the tall minarets of the portico and the braces of the gonbadkhaneh were restored.
The building of the mosque has sustained heavy damage in recent times, but was restored in 1324 S.H (1945 A.D) upon the initiative of «Haj Seyyes Ali Mohammad Vaziri». At this time, the remains of the Atiq Jame Mosque, which had fallen into ruin besides the mosque`s courtyard, were demolished and replaced by a new shabestan. (73) ۞ | | کتاب گنجنامه؛ دفتر 8، مساجد جامع، بخش دوم با آنکه معماری این سرزمین، تاریخی چند هزار ساله دارد، تلاش هایی که برای شناسایی و معرفی آثار آن صورت گرفته است سابقه چندانی ندارد. تنها از چند دهه پیش محققان و پژوهشگران به بازنگری این آثار هنری پرداخته و کوشیده اند گرد و غبار گذشت قرون را از این گوهر های تابناک بزدایند و تلالو چشم نواز آنها را دوباره آشکار سازند. علل و عوامل آن بی توجهی و نیز این التفات ناگهانی به آثار تاریخی معماری بحثی مفصل می طلبد که در حوصله این مختصر نمی گنجد. همین قدر باید اشاره کرد که آن بی توجهی در واقع محصول توجه کامل و این التفات، نتیجه بی التفاتی است. چه تا آن زمان که این آثار جزیی از زندگی مردم ما بود، لزومی به شناخت و معرفی آنها احساس نمی شد؛ اما آنگاه که بر اثر انقطاع فرهنگی، رشته های اصالت دیرین گسسته شد و نشانه های بی ریشگی در همه چیز ظاهر گشت، تمایل به بازگشت به خود و یافتن هویت خودی نیز فزونی گرفت؛ و به این ترتیب، آثار معماری گذشته هم مانند هرآنچه از اصالت گذشته نشانی داشت، محتاج بازشناسی و معرفی شد. ناگفته پیداست که راه این بازشناسی و ادراک دوباره، سخت ناهموار و پرمخاطره است و بزرگترین سنگ این راه نیز همان بریدگی فرهنگی و بیگانگی از خود است که راست ها را کج می نمایاند و بیراهه ها را راه. به هر حال، امروز در وضعی قرار گرفته ایم که لزوم شناسایی و درک آثار معماری گذشته بر هیچ کس پوشیده نیست. این حقیقت این امید را پدید می آورد که انشاء الله روزی تک تک این آثار گرانبها و میراث غنی گذشتگان ما که در سرتاسر این سرزمین پهناور پراکنده است، به نحوی شایسته و صحیح بازشناخته شود تا برای رسیدن هنرمندان و معماران آینده به استقلال شخصیت هنری و فرهنگی، چراغ راهی فراهم آید. مجموعه حاضر را باید یکی از بلندترین گام هایی دانست که تا کنون در راه معرفی آثار ناشناخته این معماری برداشته شده است. این مجموعه را «گنجنامه» نامیده ایم؛ چون بر این باوریم که نشانه های گنجی را ارایه می دهد؛ گنجی که دستیابی به آن، سرافرازی و استقلال در پی دارد. پدیدآورندگان گنجنامه بر آن اند که با کنار هم آوردن و ارایه یکجای نقشه های کامل و خوانا و عکس های واضح و تاریخچه ای تنظیم شده، بر مبنای مهم ترین منابع انتشار یافته، از بیش از ششصد اثر مهم تاریخی، از مسجد و مدرسه گرفته تا خانه و حمام، هم راه تحقیق و پژوهش را در این زمینه بگشایند و هم اسباب تشویق و ترغیب محققان و کارشناسان و علاقه مندان را برای مطالعه و تفحص در این آثار فراهم آورند. نکته دیگر آنکه این مجموعه یک شبه فراهم نشده است و محصول پشتکار و در حدود چهل سال تلاش استادان و دانشجویان «دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی» است؛ و به این ترتیب باید گفت که در حدود نیمی از دانش آموختگان هنر معماری در این کشور در شکل یافتن گنجنامه سهیم بوده اند. دفتر های گنجنامه ترتیبی موضوعی دارد؛ و این مجموعه تقریباً همه انواع بنا را در بر می گیرد: پنج دفتر مختص معرفی خانه های سنتی در شهر های مختلف شامل یک دفتر خانه های کاشان، یک دفتر خانه های اصفهان، یک دفتر خانه های یزد و دو دفتر خانه های شهر های دیگر؛ چهار دفتر شامل مساجد شامل یک دفتر مساجد اصفهان، یک دفتر مساجد شهر های دیگر و دو دفتر مساجد جامع؛ سه دفتر مربوط به امامزاده ها و مقابر؛ دو دفتر شامل بنا های بازار؛ یک دفتر ویژه مدارس؛ یک دفتر مربوط به کاروانسرا ها؛ یک دفتر خاص حمام ها؛ یک دفتر مختص کاخ ها و باغ ها؛ یک دفتر نیز استثنائاً شامل انواع بنا های مذهبی در تهران. فهرست های راهنمای مجموعه نیز در دفتر آخر خواهد آمد. دفتر های هفتم و هشتم گنجنامه مختص معرفی مساجد جامع تاریخی ایران است. در تاریخ معماری ما، مسجد مهمترین بنا بوده است؛ و در میان مساجد، مسجد جامع، اهمیت ویژه ای داشته است. در تاریخ ما، هیچ شهری بدون جامع، شهر محسوب نمی شده و به عبارت دیگر، وجود جامع در شهر، حاکی از مدنیت آن بوده است. مسجد هم معبد و هم میعادگاه مردم بود؛ و افزون بر آن، جامع، قلب و مرکز شهر بود. جامع، هم جایگاه عبادت مردم، هم محل اجتماع و تبادل افکار و درس و بحث، هم جای قضاوت و حل و فصل اختلافات، هم منزلگاه غریبان و مسافران و هم محل هنر آفرینی هنرمندان و معماران بود. تبیین تاریخ معماری ما منوط به شناخت معماری مساجد است و افزون بر آن، شناخت معماری مساجد، منوط به مطالعه دقیق تاریخ مساجد جامع است. مساجد جامع که اصلاً برای اقامه نماز جمعه بنا گشته اند، اغلب، عمری طولانی دارند و تغییر و تحولات فراوانی به خود دیده اند؛ هر روز، رنگی پذیرفته اند و از هر دوره، یادگاری دارند. به همین علت، کمتر مسجد جامعی می یابیم که تنها متعلق به یک دوره تاریخی باشد. بسیار اند مساجد جامعی که در قرون اولیه هجری قمری پایه گذاری شده و در طی زمان، بر حسب مقتضیات و سلایق و پسند های روز، تغییر شکل یافته اند. به سبب همین دگرگونی های مداوم، معمولاً در تاریخچه و چگونگی سیر تحول آنها، ابهام، و در نتیجه، اختلاف نظر بسیار وجود دارد. جامع ها، مانند موجوداتی زنده، به مرور زمان تغییر شکل یافته و با شهر رشد کرده و با آن دگرگون شده اند. مساجد جامع، همواره قلب تپنده شهر های ما و مامن و ملجا مردم بوده اند؛ چه درد ها که نشنیده اند؛ چه شادی ها که ندیده اند؛ چه مصیبت ها که شاهد آن نبوده اند؛ چه روز ها که با مردم نزیسته اند؛ چه بلوا ها و چه شورش ها و چه شکست ها و پیروزی ها که ندیده اند. از هر کسی اثری پذیرفته اند؛ از حاکمان و محکومان، ستمگران و ستم دیدگان، فاتحان و شکست خوردگان و .... در یک کلام، مساجد جامع، کهن بنا هایی اند که هزاران سخن، بلکه تاریخی در سینه دارند. آنها پیرانی هزار ساله اند که برای مردم، قصه ها در دل دارند؛ و باید گفت که تاریخ راستین ما، تاریخ مساجد جامع است.کامبیز حاجی قاسمی؛ زمستان 1383
Book of Ganjname; Volume 8, Congregational Mosques, part two Although a past of several millennia lies behind the architecture of this land, it was only quite recently that efforts aimed at identifying and introducing its extant achievement were undertaken. Only a few decades have passed since scholars and researchers first began reviewing these works in order to wipe the dust from the face of these resplendent jewels and once again reveal their charming, familiar radiance. The factors involved in this long-standing neglect and the sudden interest in historic relies call for a more thorough discussion that falls beyond the scope of this brief exposition. It suffices to note that the neglect in question in fact resulted from total interest and that the newly emerged interest was the outcome of utter neglect, because, as long as these works were part of our people`s life, no need for introducing them was felt, but when, owing to a cultural rift, time-honored roots were severed and the signs of rootlessness became ubiquitous, an inclination toward rediscovering and reverting to our own identity increased, and the need for recognizing and introducing past architectural achievement, just like everything else that bore signs of past originality, became perceptible .But, needless to say, the path of this recognition and renewed understanding is arduous and fraught with dangers, the greatest obstacle being the very cultural rift and alienation which makes the straight path seem crooked and causes detours to appear as the main path. In any case, the present conditions are such that the necessity of identifying and understanding past architectural achievement has become obvious to all. This truth crates the hope that, God willing, every one of these valuable works of art and rich heritage of our ancestors scattered throughout this vast land will be adequately recognized, illuminating the path leading our future artists and architects towards artistic and cultural independence. The present collection must be considered one of the most significant steps yet taken in the direction of introducing the unknown accomplishments of this architecture. We have entitles it «Ganjnameh» that literally means «Treasure Book»; Because we believe that it bears clues to a treasure the acquisition of which will assure our dignity and independence. By bringing together complete and legible plans, clear and expressive images and thematic authentic history of more than six hundred significant historic realizations, ranging from mosques and madrasas to hoses and baths, the Ganjnameh seeks to not only initiate research in this domain but also encourage researchers, experts and all those interested to begin research of their own on these rich relics. Another point is that this collection was not brought into being overnight. Rather, it is the outcome of some forty years of relentless efforts on the part of the professors and student of the «Architecture and Urban Planning Faculty of Shahid Beheshti University». Therefore about a half of those who have studied architecture in this country may be said to have contributed to its creation. The volumes of the Ganjnameh follow a thematic order. The collection embraces almost every type of building: Five volumes introduce traditional house in various cities include one volume includes the houses of Kashan, one volume the houses of Esfahan, one volume the houses of Yazd and two volumes the houses of other cities; Four volumes cover mosques include one volume the mosque of Esfahan, one volume the mosques of other cities and two volume congregational mosques; Three volumes are dedicated to emamzadehs and mausoleums; Two volumes deal with bazaar building; One volume is dedicated to theological schools; One volume introduces caravansaries; One volume deals with baths; One volume concern palaces and gardens; One volume exceptionally introduces religious building in Tehran. The table of content of the entire collection will be included in the last volume. The seventh and eighth volumes of the Ganjnameh introduce Iran`s historic congregational mosque. Throughout the history of our architecture, mosques have been the most important type of building, with congregational mosques in particular enjoying an exceptional status. All along our history, no city was regarded as one unless it possessed a congregational mosque. In other words, the existence of a congregational mosque in a city was a sign of its urbanity. A mosque was not only a temple, a place of worship, but also a popular meeting place; in addition to that, a congregational mosque, in fact, embodied the heart and hub of a city. A congregational mosque was at once a place of worship, of social gathering, of education and discussion, of judging and solving problems, an abode for homeless strangers and travelers, and an arena for artists and architects to display their virtuosity. Any survey of the history of our architecture has to be based on studying the architecture of our mosques; in addition to that, studying the architecture of mosques must be based on a meticulous study of congregational mosques. Originally built house Friday prayers, most congregational mosques are quite ancient and have undergone many alterations in the course of time, taking on different colors and receiving additions in different periods. Hence, rarely is a congregational mosque found that belongs strictly to a single historic period. Built in the early centuries of the Islamic era, the majority of our congregational mosques were subsequently modified in accordance with changing tastes. In reason of this perpetual change, the study of their history and evolution is fraught with uncertainty and occasional gross disagreement. Just as living beings, they have undergone changes of appearance while growing together with their cities. Congregational mosques have ever been the beating heart of our cities and a safe refuge for people. Lo! How many pains they have heard of? How many joys they have looked at? How many tragedies they have witnessed? How many days they have lived with the people? How many riots and uprisings and how many defeats and victories they have gone through? All, whether ruler or ruled, oppressor or oppressed, conqueror or conquered, artist, architects and ... have left traces in them. In brief, ancient congregational mosques bear a thousand tales, nay, a full history, in their bosom. They are venerable relies who hold myriad accounts for the people to hear. In fact, our true history is that of congregational mosques. Kambiz Haji Qasemi; Winter 2004 |
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very very goooooooood tanckssss 9/22/2010 11:33:26 AM
خیلی خوب بود. ولی می تونین پرسپکتیو مسجد جامع را هم بگذارین؟ من واقعا نیاز دارم. 11/15/2011 9:37:02 AM |
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